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A kip is a US customary unit of force. It equals 1000 pounds-force, and is used primarily by structural engineers to indicate forces where the value represented in pound-force is inefficient. Although uncommon, it is occasionally also considered a unit of mass, equal to 1000 pounds (i.e. one half of a short ton).
Units for other physical quantities are derived from this set as needed. In English Engineering Units, the pound-mass and the pound-force are distinct base units, and Newton's Second Law of Motion takes the form = where is the acceleration in ft/s 2 and g c = 32.174 lb·ft/(lbf·s 2).
In physics, the thermal equation of state is a mathematical expression of pressure P, temperature T, and, volume V.The thermal equation of state for ideal gases is the ideal gas law, expressed as PV=nRT (where R is the gas constant and n the amount of substance), while the thermal equation of state for solids is expressed as:
calorie (International Table) per second: cal IT /s ≡ 1 cal IT /s = 4.1868 W: erg per second: erg/s ≡ 1 erg/s = 10 −7 W: foot-pound-force per hour: ft⋅lbf/h ≡ 1 ft lbf/h ≈ 3.766 161 × 10 −4 W: foot-pound-force per minute: ft⋅lbf/min ≡ 1 ft lbf/min = 2.259 696 580 552 334 × 10 −2 W: foot-pound-force per second: ft⋅lbf/s ...
The table below displays densities and specific volumes for various common substances that may be useful. The values were recorded at standard temperature and pressure, which is defined as air at 0 °C (273.15 K, 32 °F) and 1 atm (101.325 kN/m 2, 101.325 kPa, 14.7 psia, 0 psig, 30 in Hg, 760 torr). [4]
The gas constant occurs in the ideal gas law: = = where P is the absolute pressure, V is the volume of gas, n is the amount of substance, m is the mass, and T is the thermodynamic temperature. R specific is the mass-specific gas constant. The gas constant is expressed in the same unit as molar heat.
where P is the pressure, V is the volume, N is the number of gas molecules, k B is the Boltzmann constant (1.381×10 −23 J·K −1 in SI units) and T is the absolute temperature. These equations are exact only for an ideal gas , which neglects various intermolecular effects (see real gas ).
Isotherms of an ideal gas for different temperatures. The curved lines are rectangular hyperbolae of the form y = a/x. They represent the relationship between pressure (on the vertical axis) and volume (on the horizontal axis) for an ideal gas at different temperatures: lines that are farther away from the origin (that is, lines that are nearer to the top right-hand corner of the diagram ...