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Leukoplakia is, therefore, the most common premalignant lesion that occurs in the mouth. [41] Leukoplakia is more common in middle-aged and elderly males. [30] The prevalence increases with increasing age. [2] In areas of the world where smokeless tobacco use is common, there is a higher prevalence. [2]
Hairy leukoplakia is a white patch on the side of the tongue with a corrugated or hairy appearance. It is caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and occurs usually in persons who are immunocompromised , especially those with human immunodeficiency virus infection/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS).
At home whitening methods include over-the-counter strips and gels, whitening rinses, whitening toothpastes, and tray-based tooth whiteners. [41] OTC products can be used for milder cases of tooth staining. [41] Home-based bleaching (following manufacturer's instructions) results in less tooth sensitivity than in-office bleaching. [42]
Diagnosis is mainly clinical, based on the history and clinical appearance. The differential diagnosis includes other oral white lesions such as Leukoplakia, squamous cell carcinoma, oral candidiasis, lichen planus, white sponge nevus and contact stomatitis. [7] In contrast to pseudomembraneous candidiasis, this white patch cannot be wiped off. [7]
Since "leucoplasie" was the equivalent of the English leukoplakia (coined in 1861), [15] the term became erythroplakia in English. [14] Similarly, the term leukoplakia was originally coined to describe white lesions of the urinary tract, [15] and in 1877 was first applied to white patches in the mouth. [16]
The treatment of patients with oral submucous fibrosis depends on the degree of clinical involvement. [33] If the disease is detected at a very early stage, cessation of the habit is sufficient. Most patients with oral submucous fibrosis present with moderate-to-severe disease. Severe oral submucous fibrosis is irreversible.
Dark-skinned people may have a melanotic line along the gum margin. Abnormal findings include swelling, cyanosis, paleness, dryness, sponginess, bleeding or discoloration. Diseases include leukoplakia, epulis, gingival hyperplasia, gingivitis, periodontitis and aphthous ulcer (canker sore).
White sponge nevus (WSN) is an extremely rare autosomal dominant [4] condition of the oral mucosa (the mucous membrane lining of the mouth). It is caused by one or more mutations in genes coding for keratin, which causes a defect in the normal process of keratinization of the mucosa.