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Quốc ngữ (國語) was used historically to refer to chữ Nôm. Such as in the book, Đại Nam quốc ngữ (大南國語), a Literary Chinese – Vietnamese (chữ Nôm) dictionary. Chữ Nôm is the logographic writing system of the Vietnamese language. It is based on the Chinese writing system but adds a large number of new characters ...
Vietnamese uses 22 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet.The 4 remaining letters aren't considered part of the Vietnamese alphabet although they are used to write loanwords, languages of other ethnic groups in the country based on Vietnamese phonetics to differentiate the meanings or even Vietnamese dialects, for example: dz or z for southerner pronunciation of v in standard Vietnamese.
An Nam quốc dịch ngữ 安南國譯語 records the pronunciations of 15th-century Vietnamese, such as for 天 (sky) - 雷 /luei/ representing blời (Modern Vietnamese: trời). [ 22 ] After the split from Muong around the end of the first millennium AD, the following stages of Vietnamese are commonly identified: [ 15 ]