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Calculus is of vital importance in physics: many physical processes are described by equations involving derivatives, called differential equations. Physics is particularly concerned with the way quantities change and develop over time, and the concept of the " time derivative " — the rate of change over time — is essential for the precise ...
The derivative f′(x) of a curve at a point is the slope (rise over run) of the line tangent to that curve at that point. Differential calculus is the study of the definition, properties, and applications of the derivative of a function. The process of finding the derivative is called differentiation. Given a function and a point in the domain ...
Occasionally an alternative calculus is more suited than the classical calculus for expressing a given scientific or mathematical idea. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The table below is intended to assist people working with the alternative calculus called the "geometric calculus" (or its discrete analog).
Download as PDF; Printable version; In other projects ... a fractional derivative is a derivative of any ... The theory and applications of fractional calculus ...
The calculus has been applied to stochastic partial differential equations as well. The calculus allows integration by parts with random variables; this operation is used in mathematical finance to compute the sensitivities of financial derivatives. The calculus has applications in, for example, stochastic filtering.
The Lie derivative is another derivative that is covariant under basis transformations. Like the exterior derivative, it does not depend on either a metric tensor or a connection. The Lie derivative of a type ( r , s ) tensor field T along (the flow of) a contravariant vector field X ρ may be expressed using a coordinate basis as [ 20 ]
Marston Morse applied calculus of variations in what is now called Morse theory. [6] Lev Pontryagin, Ralph Rockafellar and F. H. Clarke developed new mathematical tools for the calculus of variations in optimal control theory. [6] The dynamic programming of Richard Bellman is an alternative to the calculus of variations. [7] [8] [9] [c]
In mathematics, the Grünwald–Letnikov derivative is a basic extension of the derivative in fractional calculus that allows one to take the derivative a non-integer number of times. It was introduced by Anton Karl Grünwald (1838–1920) from Prague , in 1867, and by Aleksey Vasilievich Letnikov (1837–1888) in Moscow in 1868.