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Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was a combination of legal, economic, military, cultural, and political customs that flourished in medieval Europe from the 9th to 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.
The Constitutio de feudis ("Constitution of Fiefs"), also known as the Edictum de beneficiis regni Italici ("Edict on the Benefices of the Italian Kingdom"), was a law regulating feudal contracts decreed by the Emperor Conrad II on 28 May 1037 (Pentecost Eve) at Pavia, [1] during his siege of Milan.
It evolved into a war of influence between the nobility and free cities; Friso-Hollandic Wars 1396–1411 – a series of short medieval wars (ranging from single battles to entire campaigns) consisting of the attempts made by the counts of Holland to conquer the free Frisian territories, which lay to the north and east of their domain.
Feudalism in the 12th century Norman England was among the better structured and established in Europe at the time. However, it could be structurally complex, which is illustrated by the example of the feudal barony of Stafford as described in a survey of knight's fees made in 1166 and recorded in The Black Book of the Exchequer.
Feudalism in Italy was influenced by classical traditions and urban communes. The rise of city-states led to conflicts between merchants, nobles, and guilds, resulting in a fragmented political landscape. Feudalism was less prevalent in Italy compared to northern Europe. Feudalism in Spain was shaped by the Reconquista against Muslim rule.
Manorialism originated in the Roman villa system of the Late Roman Empire, [6] and was widely practised in medieval western Europe and parts of central Europe. An essential element of feudal society, [ 7 ] [ 5 ] manorialism was slowly replaced by the advent of a money-based market economy and new forms of agrarian contract.
The Great Stirrup Controversy is the academic debate about the Stirrup Thesis, the theory that feudalism in Europe developed largely as a result of the introduction of the stirrup to cavalry [1] [2] in the 8th century AD. It relates to the hypothesis suggested by Lynn Townsend White Jr. in his 1962 book, Medieval Technology and Social Change. [3]
Internet Medieval Sourcebook Project Primary source archive of the Middle Ages. The Online Reference Book of Medieval Studies Academic peer reviewed articles. Medieval Knights Medieval Knights is a medieval educational resource site geared to students and medieval enthusiasts. The Labyrinth Resources for Medieval Studies.