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Flavonoids are synthesized by the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway in which the amino acid phenylalanine is used to produce 4-coumaroyl-CoA. [1] This can be combined with malonyl-CoA to yield the true backbone of flavonoids, a group of compounds called chalcones , which contain two phenyl rings.
Chalcone synthase or naringenin-chalcone synthase (CHS) is an enzyme ubiquitous to higher plants and belongs to a family of polyketide synthase enzymes (PKS) known as type III PKS. Type III PKSs are associated with the production of chalcones , a class of organic compounds found mainly in plants as natural defense mechanisms and as synthetic ...
Molecular structure of the flavone backbone (2-phenyl-1,4-benzopyrone) Isoflavan structure Neoflavonoids structure. Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids; from the Latin word flavus, meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants, and thus commonly consumed in the diets of humans.
In plants, all phenylpropanoids are derived from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, a.k.a. phenylalanine/tyrosine ammonia-lyase) is an enzyme that transforms L-phenylalanine and tyrosine into trans-cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid, respectively.
The phenylpropanoids are a diverse family of organic compounds that are biosynthesized by plants from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine in the shikimic acid pathway. [1] Their name is derived from the six-carbon, aromatic phenyl group and the three-carbon propene tail of coumaric acid , which is the central intermediate in ...
Chalcones are aromatic ketones with two phenyl rings that are also intermediates in the synthesis of many biological compounds. The closure of hydroxy chalcones causes the formation of the flavonoid structure. [3] Flavonoids are substances in the plant's secondary metabolism with an array of biological activities.
Phenolics are formed by three different biosynthetic pathways: (i) the shikimate/chorizmate or succinylbenzoate pathway, which produces the phenyl propanoid derivatives (C6–C3); (ii) the acetate/malonate or polyketide pathway, which produces the side-chain-elongated phenyl propanoids, including the large group of flavonoids (C6–C3–C6) and ...
The biosynthesis of flavones proceeds from the phenylpropanoid pathway, which uses L-phenylalanine as a starting point. [6] Phenylalanine ammonia lyase facilitates the deamination of L-phenylalanine to (E)-cinnamate , [ 6 ] which is then oxidized by cinnamate 4-hydroxylase to yield p-Coumaric acid . [ 7 ]