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The side effects of penicillin are bodily responses to penicillin and closely related antibiotics that do not relate directly to its effect on bacteria. A side effect is an effect that is not intended with normal dosing. [1] Some of these reactions are visible and some occur in the body's organs or blood.
Serious side effects may include Clostridioides difficile colitis or anaphylaxis. [7] While usable in those with kidney problems, the dose may need to be decreased. [7] Its use during pregnancy and breastfeeding appears to be generally safe. [7] [8] Ampicillin was discovered in 1958 and came into commercial use in 1961.
Other serious side effects include low blood potassium and myocarditis (inflammation of the heart). [3] It appears to be relatively safe in pregnancy. [4] There is a lipid formulation that has a lower risk of side effects. [4] It is in the polyene class of medications and works in part by interfering with the cell membrane of the fungus. [3] [4]
Ampicillin/sulbactam should be given with caution in infants less than a week old and premature neonates. This is due to the underdeveloped urinary system in these patients, which can cause a significantly increased half-life for both drugs.16 Based on its elimination, ampicillin/sulbactam is typically given every 6 to 8 hours.
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Additional side effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as the possibility of tendon damage from the administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. [ 51 ] Some antibiotics may also damage the mitochondrion , a bacteria-derived organelle found in eukaryotic, including human, cells. [ 52 ]
Ampicillin/flucloxacillin also known as co-fluampicil (), and sold under the tradename Magnapen, is a combination drug of the two β-lactam antibiotics, ampicillin and flucloxacillin, both in equal amounts, available in a capsule and as a liquid, both taken by mouth, and as a formulation which can be given by injection into muscle or vein.
The most common side effects of mecillinam use are rash and gastrointestinal upset, including nausea and vomiting. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Prodrugs that release pivalate anions when broken down by the body — such as pivmecillinam, pivampicillin and cefditoren pivoxil — have long been known to deplete levels of carnitine .