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wetting back- semi-processed leather is rehydrated. sammying - 45-55%(m/m) water is squeezed out the leather. splitting - the leather is split into one or more horizontal layers. shaving - the leather is thinned using a machine which cuts leather fibres off. neutralisation - the pH of the leather is adjusted to a value between 4.5 and 6.5.
During this period, a tanner would wash hides free of blood, manure, and other curing materials before it was rehydrated. To accomplish this task, the tanner would submerge the hide in a nearby river or stream. Other methods involved trampling on the hides with feet or pounding the material with hammers.
Liming is a process used for parchment or leather processing, in which hides are soaked in an alkali solution. It is performed using a drum and paddle or a pit. Its objectives are: [1] Removal of interfibrillary proteins. Removal of keratin proteins. Collagen swelling due to the alkaline pH. Collagen fibre bundle splitting. Removal of natural ...
The use of vegetable tanning is a process that takes longer than mineral tanning when converting rawhides into leather. Mineral tanned leather is used principally for shoes, car seats, and upholstery in homes (sofas, etc.). Vegetable tanned leather is used in leather crafting and in making small leather items, such as wallets, handbags and clothes.
Carefully chosen methods and techniques of active conservation can both reverse damage and prevent further damage in batches or single-item treatments based on the value of the book or document. Historically, book restoration techniques were less formalized and carried out by various roles and training backgrounds.
Leather painting differs from leather dyeing in that paint remains only on the surface while dyes are absorbed into the leather. Due to this difference, leather painting techniques are generally not used on items that can or must bend nor on items that receive friction, such as belts and wallets because under these conditions, the paint may crack or wear off.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 28 January 2025. Manufacturing processes This section does not cite any sources.
Boutique manufacturing is a method used for the custom production of certain components in limited quantities in small, specialized facilities. [1] Products produced this way often include ceramics, furniture, amplifiers, yachts, boats, leather goods or watches and jewellery among others.