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Marcus Tullius Cicero [a] (/ ˈ s ɪ s ə r oʊ / SISS-ə-roh; Latin: [ˈmaːrkʊs ˈtʊlli.ʊs ˈkɪkɛroː]; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, orator, writer and Academic skeptic, [4] who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire. [5]
Although little is known about Cicero's mother, Helvia, it was common for the wives of important Roman citizens to be responsible for the management of the household. Cicero's brother Quintus wrote in a letter that she was a thrifty housewife. [14] Cicero's cognomen, personal surname, is derived from the Latin for chickpea. Romans often chose ...
Bust of a patrician from the Roman Republic. Cato Maior de Senectute ("Cato the Elder on Old Age") is an essay written by Cicero in 44 BC on the subject of aging and death.To lend his reflections greater import, [1] Cicero wrote his essay such that the esteemed Cato the Elder was lecturing to Scipio Aemilianus and Gaius Laelius Sapiens.
The writings of Marcus Tullius Cicero constitute one of the most renowned collections of historical and philosophical work in all of classical antiquity. Cicero was a Roman politician , lawyer , orator , political theorist , philosopher , and constitutionalist who lived during the years of 106–43 BC.
Cicero remained the "Republic's last true friend" as he spoke out for his ideals and of the libertas (freedom) the Romans enjoyed for centuries. Cicero's vision had some fundamental flaws. It harked back to a ‘golden age’ that may never have existed. Cicero's idea of the concordia ordinum was too idealistic. Also, Roman institutions had ...
In the year 45 BC, when Cicero was around 61 years old, his daughter, Tullia, died following childbirth. [3] Her loss afflicted Cicero to such a degree that he abandoned all public business and left the city retiring to Asterra, which was a country house that he had near Antium. [3]
Cicero's dialogue Cato the Elder on Old Age also depicted Cato's antipathy to Carthage. [n 4] According to Ben Kiernan, Cato may have made the first recorded incitement to genocide. [48] To Cato the individual life was a continual discipline, and public life was the discipline of the many.
While Cicero was initially hailed for his role in saving the state, he did not accrue all the credit, to his dismay. Cato was also hailed as having roused the senate to act against the conspirators. [62] There were some turns against Cicero's actions in the immediate aftermath of the summary executions.