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In mathematics, the logarithm to baseb is the inverse function of exponentiation with base b. That means that the logarithm of a number x to the base b is the exponent to which b must be raised to produce x. For example, since 1000 = 103, the logarithm base of 1000 is 3, or log10(1000) = 3.
MATLAB was invented by mathematician and computer programmer Cleve Moler. [25] The idea for MATLAB was based on his 1960s PhD thesis. [25] Moler became a math professor at the University of New Mexico and started developing MATLAB for his students [25] as a hobby. [26] He developed MATLAB's initial linear algebra programming in 1967 with his ...
Binary logarithm. Graph of log2 x as a function of a positive real number x. In mathematics, the binary logarithm (log2 n) is the power to which the number 2 must be raised to obtain the value n. That is, for any real number x, For example, the binary logarithm of 1 is 0, the binary logarithm of 2 is 1, the binary logarithm of 4 is 2, and the ...
In probability theory, a log-normal (or lognormal) distribution is a continuous probability distribution of a random variable whose logarithm is normally distributed. Thus, if the random variable X is log-normally distributed, then Y = ln( X ) has a normal distribution.
If p is a probability, then p/(1 − p) is the corresponding odds; the logit of the probability is the logarithm of the odds, i.e.: = = = = (). The base of the logarithm function used is of little importance in the present article, as long as it is greater than 1, but the natural logarithm with base e is the one most often used.
Convergence rate. Precision. Robustness. General performance. Here some test functions are presented with the aim of giving an idea about the different situations that optimization algorithms have to face when coping with these kinds of problems. In the first part, some objective functions for single-objective optimization cases are presented.
ln (r) is the standard natural logarithm of the real number r. Arg (z) is the principal value of the arg function; its value is restricted to (−π, π]. It can be computed using Arg (x + iy) = atan2 (y, x). Log (z) is the principal value of the complex logarithm function and has imaginary part in the range (−π, π].
Stack Exchange is a network of question-and-answer (Q&A) websites on topics in diverse fields, each site covering a specific topic, where questions, answers, and users are subject to a reputation award process. The reputation system allows the sites to be self-moderating. [ 1 ] As of March 2023, [update] the three most actively viewed sites in ...