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2. Newton's method - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_method

   An illustration of Newton's method. In numerical analysis, Newton's method, also known as the Newton–Raphson method, named after Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson, is a root-finding algorithm which produces successively better approximations to the roots (or zeroes) of a real -valued function. The most basic version starts with a real-valued ...

3. Free-space path loss - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_path_loss

   Free-space path loss. In telecommunications, the free-space path loss (FSPL) (also known as free-space loss, FSL) is the attenuation of radio energy between the feedpoints of two antennas that results from the combination of the receiving antenna's capture area plus the obstacle-free, line-of-sight (LoS) path through free space (usually air). [1]

4. Newton's method in optimization - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_method_in...

   In calculus, Newton's method (also called Newton–Raphson) is an iterative method for finding the roots of a differentiable function , which are solutions to the equation . However, to optimize a twice-differentiable , our goal is to find the roots of . We can therefore use Newton's method on its derivative to find solutions to , also known as ...

5. Froude number - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froude_number

   Froude number. In continuum mechanics, the Froude number (Fr, after William Froude, / ˈfruːd / [1]) is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of the flow inertia to the external force field (the latter in many applications simply due to gravity). The Froude number is based on the speed–length ratio which he defined as: [2][3] where u ...

6. Helmholtz free energy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_free_energy

   e. In thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy (or Helmholtz energy) is a thermodynamic potential that measures the useful work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant temperature (isothermal). The change in the Helmholtz energy during a process is equal to the maximum amount of work that the system can perform in a ...

7. Equation solving - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_solving

   Equation solving. The quadratic formula, the symbolic solution of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0. An example of using Newton–Raphson method to solve numerically the equation f(x) = 0. In mathematics, to solve an equation is to find its solutions, which are the values (numbers, functions, sets, etc.) that fulfill the condition stated ...