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All data in a well designed database is directly or indirectly related to a limited set of master database tables by a network of foreign key constraints. Each foreign key constraint is dependent upon a unique database index from the parent database table. Therefore, when the proper master database table is recast with a different unique index ...
All transformers have the same primary components: Tokenizers, which convert text into tokens. Embedding layer, which converts tokens and positions of the tokens into vector representations. Transformer layers, which carry out repeated transformations on the vector representations, extracting more and more linguistic information.
Data orientation is the representation of tabular data in a linear memory model such as in-disk or in-memory. The two most common representations are column-oriented (columnar format) and row-oriented (row format). [1] [2] The choice of data orientation is a trade-off and an architectural decision in databases, query engines, and numerical ...
Data warehousing procedures usually subdivide a big ETL process into smaller pieces running sequentially or in parallel. To keep track of data flows, it makes sense to tag each data row with "row_id", and tag each piece of the process with "run_id". In case of a failure, having these IDs help to roll back and rerun the failed piece.
In the lower plot, both the area and population data have been transformed using the logarithm function. In statistics, data transformation is the application of a deterministic mathematical function to each point in a data set—that is, each data point z i is replaced with the transformed value y i = f(z i), where f is a function.
Transformer architecture is now used in many generative models that contribute to the ongoing AI boom. In language modelling, ELMo (2018) was a bi-directional LSTM that produces contextualized word embeddings, improving upon the line of research from bag of words and word2vec. It was followed by BERT (2018), an encoder-only Transformer model. [33]
T5 (Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer) is a series of large language models developed by Google AI introduced in 2019. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Like the original Transformer model, [ 3 ] T5 models are encoder-decoder Transformers , where the encoder processes the input text, and the decoder generates the output text.
Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 (GPT-2) is a large language model by OpenAI and the second in their foundational series of GPT models. GPT-2 was pre-trained on a dataset of 8 million web pages. [2] It was partially released in February 2019, followed by full release of the 1.5-billion-parameter model on November 5, 2019. [3] [4] [5]