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In the US, about 750 compounds have been listed as additives for hydraulic fracturing, also known as ingredients of pressurized fracking fluid, [9] in an industry report to the US Congress in 2011 [10] [11] The following is a partial list of the chemical constituents in additives that are used or may have been used in fracturing operations. [12]
A hydraulic fluid or hydraulic liquid is the medium by which power is transferred in hydraulic machinery. Common hydraulic fluids are based on mineral oil or water. [ 1 ] Examples of equipment that might use hydraulic fluids are excavators and backhoes , hydraulic brakes , power steering systems, automatic transmissions , garbage trucks ...
To assign non-winter grades, kinematic viscosity is graded by ASTM D445 or ASTM D7042, measuring the time it takes for a standard amount of oil at a temperature of 100 °C (212 °F) to flow through a standard orifice, in units of mm 2 /s (millimetre squared per second) or the equivalent older non-SI units, centistokes (abbreviated cSt). The ...
Tractor fluid (a universal transmission, gear, hydraulic, and wet brake fluid) Gear oil; In the engine oil family, there are four basic oil sub-families: Multigrade conventional oil—in SAE 10W-30 and 15W-40 viscosity ranges; Multigrade synthetic oil—in SAE 5W-40 and 15w-40 viscosity ranges [3] Single grade conventional oil—in SAE 20, 30 ...
where U is the oil's kinematic viscosity at 40 °C (104 °F), Y is the oil's kinematic viscosity at 100 °C (212 °F), and L and H are the viscosities at 40 °C for two hypothetical oils of VI 0 and 100 respectively, having the same viscosity at 100 °C as the oil whose VI we are trying to determine.
The Reynolds number Re is taken to be Re = V D / ν, where V is the mean velocity of fluid flow, D is the pipe diameter, and where ν is the kinematic viscosity μ / ρ, with μ the fluid's Dynamic viscosity, and ρ the fluid's density. The pipe's relative roughness ε / D, where ε is the pipe's effective roughness height and D the pipe ...