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The quality-adjusted life year (QALY) is a generic measure of disease burden, including both the quality and the quantity of life lived. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is used in economic evaluation to assess the value of medical interventions. [ 1 ]
Burden of all infectious diseases, worldwide in 2004, measured in disability-adjusted life years Burden of non-communicable diseases, worldwide in 2004, measured in disability-adjusted life years. Disease burden is the impact of a health problem as measured by financial cost, mortality, morbidity, or other indicators.
Typically the CEA is expressed in terms of a ratio where the denominator is a gain in health from a measure (years of life, premature births averted, sight-years gained) and the numerator is the cost associated with the health gain. [2] The most commonly used outcome measure is quality-adjusted life years (QALY). [1]
In HTAs it is usually expressed in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). If, for example, intervention A allows a patient to live for three additional years than if no intervention had taken place, but only with a quality of life weight of 0.6, then the intervention confers 3 * 0.6 = 1.8 QALYs to the patient.
Disability-adjusted life years are a societal measure of the disease or disability burden in populations. DALYs are calculated by combining measures of life expectancy as well as the adjusted quality of life during a burdensome disease or disability for a population.
The quality of life gained is the product of life span and quality rating with the new treatment less the same calculation for the old treatment, i.e. (1.25 x 0.6) less (1.0 x 0.4) = 0.35 QALY. The marginal cost of the new treatment to deliver this extra gain is £7,000 so the cost per quality life year gained is £7000/0.35 or £20,000.
They found that being as active as the least active quartile of the population would lead to a 5.8-year loss in life expectancy for men and women, bringing the expectancy at birth down from around ...
The value of statistical life (VSL) estimates are often used in the transport sector [16] and in process safety (where it may be coupled with the ALARP concept). [4] In health economics and in the pharmaceutical sector, however, the value of a quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) is used more often than the VSL. Both of these measures are used in ...