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Clostridium species are readily found inhabiting soils and intestinal tracts. Clostridium species are also a normal inhabitant of the healthy lower reproductive tract of females. [14] The main species responsible for disease in humans are: [15] Clostridium botulinum can produce botulinum toxin in food or wounds and can cause botulism.
Clostridium perfringens is a common cause of food poisoning in the United States. C. perfringens produces spores, and when these spores are consumed, they produce a toxin that causes diarrhea. Foods cooked in large batches and held at unsafe temperatures (between 40°F and 140°F) are the source of C. perfringens food poisoning outbreaks.
[2] [4] Global rates of disease increased between 2001 and 2016. [2] [11] C. difficile infections occur more often in women than men. [2] The bacterium was discovered in 1935 and found to be disease-causing in 1978. [11] Attributable costs for Clostridioides difficile infection in hospitalized adults range from $4500 to $15,000. [12]
Clostridioides difficile (syn. Clostridium difficile) is a bacterium known for causing serious diarrheal infections, and may also cause colon cancer. [4] [5] It is known also as C. difficile, or C. diff (/ s iː d ɪ f /), and is a Gram-positive species of spore-forming bacteria. [6]
Clostridium tetani is durable due to its endospores. Pictured is the bacterium alone, with a spore being produced, and the spore alone. Tetanus is caused by the tetanus bacterium, Clostridium tetani. [1] The disease is an international health problem, as C. tetani endospores are ubiquitous.
The two toxins together can cause destruction of red blood cells in blood vessels, damage to the integrity of the blood vessels, and suppression of heart function. [citation needed] The key Clostridium septicum virulence factor is a pore-forming toxin called alpha-toxin, though it is unrelated to the Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin.
Toxin can be neutralized by specific antitoxins, mainly in infections caused by Clostridia (tetanus and botulism). Controlling the environment can be attained by draining the pus, surgical debriding of necrotic tissue, improving blood circulation, alleviating any obstruction and by improving tissue oxygenation.
Testing blood for antibodies against the bacterium or its DNA: Doxycycline, penicillin, ceftriaxone: Yes: Listeria monocytogenes: Listeriosis: Culture of blood or spinal fluid: Ampicillin, gentamicin: No Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia garinii, and Borrelia afzelii: Lyme disease (Lyme borreliosis) Based on symptoms, tick exposure, blood tests