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Accountability and transparency are of high relevance for non-governmental organisations (NGOs). In view of their responsibilities to stakeholders, including donors, sponsors, programme beneficiaries, staff, states and the public, they are considered to be of even greater importance to them than to commercial undertakings. [ 12 ]
The American Psychological Association (APA) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (for short, the Ethics Code, as referred to by the APA) includes an introduction, preamble, a list of five aspirational principles and a list of ten enforceable standards that psychologists use to guide ethical decisions in practice, research, and education.
A code of practice is adopted by a profession (or by a governmental or non-governmental organization) to regulate that profession. A code of practice may be styled as a code of professional responsibility, which will discuss difficult issues and difficult decisions that will often need to be made, and then provide a clear account of what behavior is considered "ethical" or "correct" or "right ...
a written code of ethics and standards (ethical code) ethics training for executives, managers, and employees; the availability of ethical situational advice (i.e. advice lines or offices) confidential reporting systems [6] Organizations are constantly striving for a better ethical atmosphere within the business climate and culture.
Accountability, in terms of ethics and governance, is equated with answerability, culpability, liability, and the expectation of account-giving. [ 1 ] As in an aspect of governance , it has been central to discussions related to problems in the public sector , nonprofit , private ( corporate ), and individual contexts.
Following rare but high-profile scandals, there are political incentives for a "self-interested blame business" promoting a presumption of "guilty until proven innocent" [13] [25] A literature review found that human resource management plays an important role in health care organizations: when such organizations rely predominantly on a ...
Openness is an overarching concept that is characterized by an emphasis on transparency and collaboration. [1] [2] That is, openness refers to "accessibility of knowledge, technology and other resources; the transparency of action; the permeability of organisational structures; and the inclusiveness of participation". [2]
Corporate transparency describes the extent to which a corporation's actions are observable by outsiders. This is a consequence of regulation, local norms, and the set of information, privacy, and business policies concerning corporate decision-making and operations openness to employees, stakeholders , shareholders and the general public.