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Orange topaz, also known as precious topaz, is the birthstone for the month of November, the symbol of friendship, and the state gemstone of the U.S. state of Utah. [24] Blue topaz is the state gemstone of the US state of Texas. [25] The 4th wedding anniversary gem is blue topaz and the 23rd is imperial topaz. [22]
Blue topaz; Precious topaz; Imperial topaz; Misnomers. Occidental topaz a misnomer for yellow quartz. Brazilian aquamarine a misnomer for Topaz; Indian topaz a misnomer for yellow corundum; Nevada topaz a misnomer for smoky obsidian. Madeira topaz a misnomer for citrine; Scotch Topez a misnomer for citrine, smoky quartz or cairngorm
Sapphires are a precious gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum, consisting of aluminum oxide (α-Al 2 O 3) with trace amounts of elements such as iron, titanium, chromium, copper, or magnesium.
In 1979, Gemstones Corporation of Pakistan was established to develop the gemstones sector in Pakistan, however in 1997 the corporation liquidated. [3] Now a number of organizations are working in this sector including All Pakistan Commercial Exporters Association of Rough & Unpolished Precious and Semi Precious Stones (APCEA) and Pakistan Gems and Jewellery Development Company (PGJDC).
The American Golden Topaz, housed in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C.. The American Golden Topaz, a 172-faceted topaz weighing 22,892.5 carats (4.57850 kg; 10.0939 lb), is the largest cut yellow topaz in the world, and one of the largest faceted gems of any type in the world. [1]
Chrysoberyl is the third-hardest frequently encountered natural gemstone and lies at 8.5 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, between corundum (9) and topaz (8). [ 7 ] An interesting feature of its crystals are the cyclic twins called trillings .