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A 1953 follow up study conducted by Lumsdaine and Janis [14] explored the resistance of opinion change motivated by argument structure. The findings summarized that two sided messages were more effective to resistance of counter propaganda regardless of initial position held (even if the initial belief was counter to the new developed belief).
Hovland, Janis and Kelly [3] first recorded and named the boomerang effect in 1953, noting that it is more likely under certain conditions: . When weak arguments are paired with a negative [clarification needed] source.
Carl Iver Hovland (June 12, 1912 – April 16, 1961) was a psychologist working primarily at Yale University and for the US Army during World War II who studied attitude change and persuasion. He first reported the sleeper effect after studying the effects of the Frank Capra propaganda film Why We Fight on soldiers in the Army.
Harold Kelley (February 16, 1921 – January 29, 2003) was an American social psychologist and professor of psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles.His major contributions have been the development of interdependence theory (with John Thibaut), [1] [2] the early work of attribution theory, [3] and a lifelong interest in understanding close relationships processes.
In 1953, Hovland, Janis, and Kelley noted that a sense of "rightness" accompanies holding opinions similar to the opinions of others. In 1987, Holtz and Miller reaffirmed this line of thought by noting, "When other people are perceived to hold similar attitudes, one's confidence in the validity of one's own attitude is increased."
Janis Paige, a performer from Hollywood's Golden Age, died Sunday of natural causes in her Los Angeles home. The scene-stealing star of 'Silk Stockings' was 101.
Irving Lester Janis (May 26, 1918 – November 15, 1990) was an American research psychologist at Yale University and a professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley most famous for his theory of "groupthink", which described the systematic errors made by groups when making collective decisions.
A behavior change method, or behavior change technique, is a theory-based method for changing one or several determinants of behavior such as a person's attitude or self-efficacy.