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Fetal lung development can be tested by sampling the amount of surfactant in the amniotic fluid obtained via amniocentesis. [9] Several tests are available, including the lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio (" L/S ratio "), the presence of phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and the surfactant/albumin (S/A) ratio . [ 9 ]
An amniocentesis is a procedure in which a sample of amniotic fluid is aspirated using a needle that is inserted into the abdomen guided by ultrasound. [1] The sample is then tested, and can help doctors diagnose genetic disorders, birth defects, or other fetal health problems.
Hives, or urticaria, is a form of skin rash with red, raised, itchy bumps. [1] They may also burn or sting. [2] Hives can appear anywhere on the surface of the skin. Whether the trigger is allergic or not, a complex release of inflammatory mediators, including histamine from cutaneous mast cells, results in fluid leakage from superficial blood ...
Fetal lung maturity is associated with how much surfactant the fetus is producing. Reduced production of surfactant indicates decreased lung maturity and is a high risk factor for infant respiratory distress syndrome. [33] Typically a lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio greater than 1.5 is associated with increased lung maturity.
PUBS provides a means of rapid chromosome analysis and is useful when information cannot be obtained through amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, or ultrasound (or if the results of these tests were inconclusive); this test carries a significant risk of complication and is typically reserved for pregnancies determined to be at high risk ...
CVS usually takes place at 10–12 weeks' gestation, earlier than amniocentesis or percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling. It is the preferred technique before 15 weeks. [2] CVS was performed for the first time in Milan by Italian biologist Giuseppe Simoni, scientific director of Biocell Center, in 1983. [3]
In order to listen to the lungs from the back the patient is asked to move their arms forward to prevent the scapulae (shoulder blades) from obstructing the upper lung fields. These fields are intended to correlate with the lung lobes and are thus tested on the anterior (front) and posterior (back) chest walls.
Respiratory failure results from inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system, meaning that the arterial oxygen, carbon dioxide, or both cannot be kept at normal levels. A drop in the oxygen carried in the blood is known as hypoxemia ; a rise in arterial carbon dioxide levels is called hypercapnia .