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The pathophysiology of cranial venous outflow obstruction involves the disruption of normal venous drainage from the brain. Cerebral veins play a crucial role in draining brain interstitial fluid (ISF), and their significance has been linked in various neurological conditions. [1] It can be caused by extrinsic or intrinsic anomalies. [7]
3D model of cerebral veins. In human anatomy, the cerebral veins are blood vessels in the cerebral circulation which drain blood from the cerebrum of the human brain. They are divisible into external (superficial cerebral veins) and internal (internal cerebral veins) groups according to the outer or inner parts of the hemispheres they drain into.
The veins puncture the relevant dural sinus, piercing the arachnoid and dura mater as bridging veins that drain their contents into the sinus. [5] The deep venous system. The deep venous system is primarily composed of traditional veins inside the deep structures of the brain, which join behind the midbrain to form the great cerebral vein (vein ...
Oxygen is removed in the capillaries to be used by the brain. [10] After the oxygen is removed, blood reaches venules and later veins which will take it back to the heart and lungs. [10] A cerebral AVM causes blood to be shunted directly from arteries to veins because the capillary bed is lacking, causing a disrupted circulation. [10] [11]
In peripheral organs, lymphatic vessels are responsible for conducting lymph between different parts of the body. In general, lymphatic drainage is important for maintaining fluid homeostasis as well as providing a means for immune cells to traffic into draining lymph nodes from other parts of the body, allowing for immune surveillance of bodily tissues.
In these cases, blood usually accumulates between the two layers of the dura mater. This can cause ischemic brain damage by two mechanisms: one, pressure on the cortical blood vessels, [13] and two, vasoconstriction due to the substances released from the hematoma, which causes further ischemia by restricting blood flow to the brain. [14]
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Needlestick injuries may also occur when needles are exchanged between personnel, loaded into a needle driver, or when sutures are tied off while still connected to the needle. Needlestick injuries are more common during night shifts [ 14 ] and for less experienced people; fatigue, high workload, shift work, high pressure, or high perception of ...