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It requires memorization of the multiplication table for single digits. This is the usual algorithm for multiplying larger numbers by hand in base 10. A person doing long multiplication on paper will write down all the products and then add them together; an abacus-user will sum the products as soon as each one is computed.
The lunar addition and multiplication operations satisfy the commutative and associative laws. The lunar multiplication distributes over the lunar addition. The digit 0 is the identity under lunar addition. No non-zero number has an inverse under lunar addition. The digit 9 is the identity under lunar multiplication.
Because all letters represent a power of 2, multiplying digits is the same as adding their exponents. This can also be thought of as finding the index of one digit in the alphabet (a = 0, b = 1, ...) and incrementing the other digit by that amount in terms of the alphabet (b + 2 => d). For example, multiply 4 = c by 16 = e. c * e = 2^2 * 2^4 ...
Some of the algorithms Trachtenberg developed are ones for general multiplication, division and addition. Also, the Trachtenberg system includes some specialised methods for multiplying small numbers between 5 and 13. The section on addition demonstrates an effective method of checking calculations that can also be applied to multiplication.
Multiplication by a positive number preserves the order: For a > 0, if b > c, then ab > ac. Multiplication by a negative number reverses the order: For a < 0, if b > c, then ab < ac. The complex numbers do not have an ordering that is compatible with both addition and multiplication. [30]
Arithmetic is the fundamental branch of mathematics that studies numbers and their operations. In particular, it deals with numerical calculations using the arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. [1]