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These compounds can cause endocrine disruption by multiple mechanisms including acting directly on hormone receptors, affecting the levels of natural hormones in the body, and by altering the expression of hormone receptors. [1] [2] The most commonly occurring xenohormones are xenoestrogens, which mimic the effects of estrogen.
Xenoestrogens are a type of xenohormone that imitates estrogen.They can be either synthetic or natural chemical compounds.Synthetic xenoestrogens include some widely used industrial compounds, such as PCBs, BPA, and phthalates, which have estrogenic effects on a living organism even though they differ chemically from the estrogenic substances produced internally by the endocrine system of any ...
A comparison of the structures of the natural estrogen hormone estradiol (left) and one of the nonyl-phenols (right), a xenoestrogen endocrine disruptor. Endocrine disruptors, sometimes also referred to as hormonally active agents, [1] endocrine disrupting chemicals, [2] or endocrine disrupting compounds [3] are chemicals that can interfere with endocrine (or hormonal) systems. [4]
[12] [13] [14] BPA is a xenoestrogen, exhibiting hormone-like properties that mimic the effects of estrogen in the body. [15] Although the effect is very weak, [16] the pervasiveness of BPA-containing materials raises concerns, as exposure is effectively lifelong.
Because they can mimic estrogen thus activating the receptor, they are considered harmful and potentially linked with breast cancer. [1] List of metalloestrogens include aluminium , antimony , arsenite , barium , cadmium , [ 2 ] chromium (Cr(II)), cobalt , copper , lead , mercury , nickel , selenite , tin and vanadate .
The similarities, at molecular level, of an estrogen and a phytoestrogen allow them to mildly mimic and sometimes act as an antagonist of estrogen. [2] Phytoestrogens were first observed in 1926, [ 2 ] [ 5 ] but it was unknown if they could have any effect in human or animal metabolism.
Bisphenol A is an endocrine disruptor that can mimic estrogen and has been shown to cause negative health effects in animal studies. Bisphenol A closely mimics the structure and function of the hormone estradiol by binding to and activating the same estrogen receptor as the natural hormone.
Hypoestrogenism, or estrogen deficiency, refers to a lower than normal level of estrogen. It is an umbrella term used to describe estrogen deficiency in various conditions. Estrogen deficiency is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, [1] and has been linked to diseases like urinary tract infections [2] and osteoporosis.