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The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is a network protocol that builds a loop-free logical topology for Ethernet networks. The basic function of STP is to prevent bridge loops and the broadcast radiation that results from them. Spanning tree also allows a network design to include backup links providing fault tolerance if an active link fails.
Simple Loop Prevention Protocol (SLPP) in computer networking is a data link layer protocol developed by Nortel (previously acquired by Avaya, now a part of Extreme Networks) to protect against Layer 2 network loops. SLPP uses a small hello packet to detect network loops.
Hello – used to initiate a scan for RRCP-capable switches in a network segment, and to fetch some of their parameters. Hello reply – sent by an RRCP-capable switch as a response to a valid "Hello" packet. Contains some their parameters, such as IDs, and MAC addresses.
Switching loops can cause misleading entries in a switch's media access control (MAC) database and can cause endless unicast frames to be broadcast throughout the network. A loop can make a switch receive the same broadcast frames on two different ports, and alternatingly associate the sending MAC address with the one or the other port.
Unidirectional Link Detection (UDLD) is one of two major features (UDLD and loop guard) in Cisco Switches to prevent Layer 2 loops. Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP) resolves redundant physical topology into a loop-free, tree-like forwarding topology via blocking one or more ports.
It can provide loop detection, authentication, transmission encryption, [2] and data compression. PPP is used over many types of physical networks, including serial cable , phone line , trunk line , cellular telephone , specialized radio links, ISDN , and fiber optic links such as SONET .
Free Microsoft Message Analyzer Microsoft: October 28, 2016 / 1.4 [9] GUI Proprietary: Free Microsoft Network Monitor: Microsoft: June 24, 2010 / 3.4 GUI Proprietary: Free netsniff-ng: Daniel Borkmann November 7, 2016 / 0.6.2 CLI: GNU General Public License: Free ngrep: Jordan Ritter September 7, 2017 / 1.47 CLI: BSD-style Free Observer
The program can also be used to detect probes or attacks, including, but not limited to, operating system fingerprinting attempts, semantic URL attacks, buffer overflows, server message block probes, and stealth port scans. [11] Snort can be configured in three main modes: 1. sniffer, 2. packet logger, and 3. network intrusion detection. [12]
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