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In January 1950, France officially recognized the nominal "independence" of the unified State of Vietnam, led by Bảo Đại, as an associated state within the French Union. However, France still controlled all foreign policy, every defense issue and would have a French Union army stationed in the country with complete freedom of movement. [127]
Until 1949, the French divided Vietnam into three parts: Tonkin, Annam, and Cochin China. Việt Minh leader Ho Chi Minh in 1946. 1947–1950 in French Indochina focuses on events influencing the eventual decision for military intervention by the United States in the First Indochina War. In 1947, France still ruled Indochina as a colonial power ...
The 1954 to 1959 phase of the Vietnam War was the era of the two nations. Coming after the First Indochina War, this period resulted in the military defeat of the French, a 1954 Geneva meeting that partitioned Vietnam into North and South, and the French withdrawal from Vietnam (see First Indochina War), leaving the Republic of Vietnam regime fighting a communist insurgency with USA aid.
The Élysée Accords was a treaty recognizing independence of Vietnam from France, and Vietnam's membership within the French Union. [3] It included one main letter and two extra letters signed at the Élysée Palace by Vietnamese Emperor Bảo Đại [a] and French President Vincent Auriol on 8 March 1949.
After World War II and the collapse of Vietnam's monarchy, France attempted to re-establish its colonial rule but was ultimately defeated in the First Indo-China War. The Geneva Accords in 1954 partitioned the country temporarily in two with a promise of democratic elections in 1956 to reunite the country.
China officially recognizes French domination over Vietnam; Tonkin Campaign (1883–1886) Location: Northern Vietnam. France: Qing dynasty Black Flag Army Nguyễn dynasty: French victory French protectorate over Tonkin and Annam; First Franco-Dahomean War (1890) Location: Ouémé Department of modern Benin. France: Dahomey: French victory
Panic spread in French-controlled Hanoi and there was talk of an evacuation. Ultimately, however, General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny replaced Carpentier as commander in chief of French Indochina in late 1950 and restored French morale. When the Border Campaign ended, the Việt Minh controlled a large part of the Vietnam-China border.
In December 1950, the United States, concerned about growing Chinese Communist influence, started providing military aid to the French, with a first payment of US$15 million. [17] In the spring of 1953, the Viet Minh launched campaigns in Laos and succeeded in linking up Laotian territorial gains with their bases in north-western Vietnam. [18]