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Ibn Khaldun (/ ˈ ɪ b ən h æ l ˈ d uː n / IH-bun hal-DOON; Arabic: أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون الحضرمي, Abū Zayd ‘Abd ar-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Khaldūn al-Ḥaḍramī, Arabic: [ibn xalduːn]; 27 May 1332 – 17 March 1406, 732–808 AH) was an Arab [11] [12] sociologist, philosopher, and historian [13] [14] widely acknowledged to be ...
Ibn Khaldun held that population growth was a function of wealth. [23] He understood that money served as a standard of value, a medium of exchange, and a preserver of value, though he did not realize that the value of gold and silver changed based on the forces of supply and demand. [23] Ibn Khaldun also introduced the labor theory of value.
Ibn Khaldun also outlines early theories of division of labor, taxes, scarcity, and economic growth. [14] Khaldun was also one of the first to study the origin and causes of poverty; he argued that poverty was a result of the destruction of morality and human values. [15]
Ibn Khaldun argued that asabiyya is cyclical and directly relevant to the rise and fall of civilizations: it is strongest at the start of a civilization, declines as the civilization advances, and then another more compelling asabiyyah eventually takes its place to help establish a different civilization. [4]
Ibn Khaldun pointed out that the one civilization from which the Arabs had learned the sciences, was that of the Greeks, thanks to the translations by Christian scholars of Greek texts into Syriac and then into Arabic. Ibn Khaldun also records that Abbasid caliph al-Mansur requested from the Byzantine Emperor the mathematical works of the ...
Ibn Khaldun once noted; The sciences of only one nation, the Greeks, have come down to us, because they were translated through Al-Ma'mun’s efforts. He was successful in this direction because he had many translators at his disposal and spent much money in this connection.
Ibn Khaldun on economic growth Perhaps the best known Islamic scholar who wrote about economics was Ibn Khaldun of Tunisia (1332–1406), [ 79 ] who is considered a forerunner of modern economists. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] Ibn Khaldun wrote on economic and political theory in the introduction, or Muqaddimah ( Prolegomena ), of his History of the World ...
Khalifa, as the fourth ruler of Mali, corresponds to the fourth generation in Ibn Khaldun's theory, where the dynasty descends into tyranny and is overthrown, beginning the cycle anew. The historian Michael Gomez has observed that khalīfa translates as "successor", and as such proposed it was not his actual name. [ 5 ]