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High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) is an abnormality of prostatic glands and believed to precede the development of prostate adenocarcinoma (the most common form of prostate cancer). [1] [2] It may be referred to simply as prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN).
The reason some dogs develop kidney failure following ingestion of grapes and raisins is not known. [3] Types of grapes involved include both seedless and seeded, store-bought and homegrown, and grape pressings from wineries. [4] A mycotoxin is suspected to be involved, but none has been found in grapes or raisins ingested by affected dogs. [5]
Samoyeds can be affected by basement membrane disease of the kidneys. It is inherited through the X chromosome and is therefore more severe in affected male dogs. Findings in male dogs include the presence of protein and glucose in the urine and the inability to concentrate urine, and progression to kidney failure by the age of 9 months and death by 16 months. [3]
The prognosis of nephrocalcinosis is determined by the underlying cause. Most cases of nephrocalcinosis do not progress to end stage renal disease , however if not treated it can lead to renal dysfunction this includes primary hyperoxaluria , hypomagnesemic hypercalciuric nephrocalcinosis and Dent's disease . [ 11 ]
Despite its relative rarity compared to limb prosthesis, strides have been made over the decades, with notable milestones such as the first pacemaker surgery on a dog in 1968 and successful kidney transplants in cats since the mid-1980s. This field faces challenges, particularly in canine programs, due to issues related to immunosuppression.
Dogs with B-lymphocyte tumors have a longer survival time than T-lymphocyte tumors. [1] Mediastinal lymphoma has a poorer prognosis than other types, especially those with hypercalcemia. [ 12 ] Clinical stage and substage have some prognostic value, with poorer prognosis associated with Stage V disease, and with substage b (clinical illness at ...