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  2. Valence electron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_electron

    Four covalent bonds.Carbon has four valence electrons and here a valence of four. Each hydrogen atom has one valence electron and is univalent. In chemistry and physics, valence electrons are electrons in the outermost shell of an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outermost shell is not closed.

  3. Electron configurations of the elements (data page) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configurations_of...

    The valence electrons (here 3s 2 3p 3) are written explicitly for all atoms. Electron configurations of elements beyond hassium (element 108) have never been measured; predictions are used below. As an approximate rule, electron configurations are given by the Aufbau principle and the Madelung rule .

  4. Valence (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)

    The valence is the combining capacity of an atom of a given element, determined by the number of hydrogen atoms that it combines with. In methane, carbon has a valence of 4; in ammonia, nitrogen has a valence of 3; in water, oxygen has a valence of 2; and in hydrogen chloride, chlorine has a valence of 1.

  5. Electron configuration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configuration

    This gives two electrons in an s subshell, six electrons in a p subshell, ten electrons in a d subshell and fourteen electrons in an f subshell. The numbers of electrons that can occupy each shell and each subshell arise from the equations of quantum mechanics, [ a ] in particular the Pauli exclusion principle , which states that no two ...

  6. List of elements by atomic properties - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic...

    This is a list of chemical elements and their atomic properties, ordered by atomic number (Z).. Since valence electrons are not clearly defined for the d-block and f-block elements, there not being a clear point at which further ionisation becomes unprofitable, a purely formal definition as number of electrons in the outermost shell has been used.

  7. Electron shell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_shell

    In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell may be thought of as an orbit that electrons follow around an atom's nucleus.The closest shell to the nucleus is called the "1 shell" (also called the "K shell"), followed by the "2 shell" (or "L shell"), then the "3 shell" (or "M shell"), and so on further and further from the nucleus.

  8. Iron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron

    Electrons per shell: 2, 8, 14, 2 ... Many mixed valence compounds contain both iron(II) ... 4 Fe4 Fe 2+ + 8 e −; 4 Fe 2+ → 4 Fe 3+ + 4 e ...

  9. 18-electron rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18-electron_rule

    There is one occupied valence MO with a 2u symmetry, which is formed only by ligand orbitals without a contribution from the metal AOs. But the adducts TM(CO) 8 − (TM=Sc, Y) fulfill the 18-electron rule when one considers only those valence electrons, which occupy metal–ligand bonding orbitals. [10]