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The expansion of the Roman Empire was achieved through military force in nearly every case. Roman culture as a whole revolved around its military for both expansion and protection. [ 28 ] Geographic areas on the outskirts of the empire were prone to attack and required heavy military presence.
The First Jewish-Roman War, sometimes called The Great Revolt, was the first of three major rebellions by the Jews of Judaea against the Roman Empire. [301] According to Fergus Millar, the revolt represents "the best-attested series of operations by the Roman army in the entire history of the Empire."
[24] [25] [26] The consuls' military power rested in the Roman legal concept of imperium, meaning "command" (typically in a military sense). [27] Occasionally, successful consuls or generals were given the honorary title imperator (commander); this is the origin of the word emperor , since this title was always bestowed to the early emperors.
Marcomannic Wars (166–180) – Roman Empire tried to expand in central Europe and establish proposed Roman province of Marcomannia (parts of the modern states and Slovakia and the Czech Republic) and Sarmatia (on Great Hungarian Plain). 170 – Battle of Carnuntum – Marcomannic King Ballomar defeats the Roman Army and invades Italy.
The Empire was increasingly plagued by usurpations led or supported by military conspiracies, leading to the Crisis of the Third Century (235–284 AD) in the late empire and eventual final decline. Following is a list of topics on the military history of ancient Rome. Structural history of the Roman military
Roman military borders and fortifications were part of a grand strategy of territorial defense in the Roman Empire, although this is a matter of debate.By the early 2nd century, the Roman Empire had reached the peak of its territorial expansion and rather than constantly expanding their borders as earlier in the Empire and Republic, the Romans solidified their position by fortifying their ...
By the late Empire, enemy forces in both the East and West were "sufficiently mobile and sufficiently strong to pierce [the Roman] defensive perimeter on any selected axis of penetration"; [102] from the 3rd century onwards, both Germanic tribes and Persian armies pierced the frontiers of the Roman Empire. [90] In response, the Roman army ...
Roman military tactics evolved from the type of a small tribal host-seeking local hegemony to massive operations encompassing a world empire. This advance was affected by changing trends in Roman political, social, and economic life, and that of the larger Mediterranean world, but it was also under-girded by a distinctive "Roman way" of war.