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ggplot2 is an open-source data visualization package for the statistical programming language R.Created by Hadley Wickham in 2005, ggplot2 is an implementation of Leland Wilkinson's Grammar of Graphics—a general scheme for data visualization which breaks up graphs into semantic components such as scales and layers. ggplot2 can serve as a replacement for the base graphics in R and contains a ...
It is used to visualise the distribution of the data. As such it is analogous to a histogram with zero-width bins, or a one-dimensional scatter plot. Rug plots are often used in combination with two-dimensional scatter plots by placing a rug plot of the x values of the data along the x-axis, and similarly for the y values.
Scale invariance is obtained by normalizing all radial distances by the mean distance between all the point pairs in the shape [2] [3] although the median distance can also be used. [ 1 ] [ 4 ] Shape contexts are empirically demonstrated to be robust to deformations, noise, and outliers [ 4 ] using synthetic point set matching experiments.
Multi-block LBP: the image is divided into many blocks, a LBP histogram is calculated for every block and concatenated as the final histogram. Volume Local Binary Pattern(VLBP): [ 11 ] VLBP looks at dynamic texture as a set of volumes in the (X,Y,T) space where X and Y denote the spatial coordinates and T denotes the frame index.
The HOG descriptor is then the concatenated vector of the components of the normalized cell histograms from all of the block regions. These blocks typically overlap, meaning that each cell contributes more than once to the final descriptor. Two main block geometries exist: rectangular R-HOG blocks and circular C-HOG blocks.
Bootstrap aggregating, also called bagging (from bootstrap aggregating) or bootstrapping, is a machine learning (ML) ensemble meta-algorithm designed to improve the stability and accuracy of ML classification and regression algorithms.
Sturges's rule [1] is a method to choose the number of bins for a histogram. Given observations, Sturges's rule suggests using ^ = + bins in the histogram. This rule is widely employed in data analysis software including Python [2] and R, where it is the default bin selection method. [3]
fastqp Simple FASTQ quality assessment using Python. Kraken: [9] A set of tools for quality control and analysis of high-throughput sequence data. HTSeq [10] The Python script htseq-qa takes a file with sequencing reads (either raw or aligned reads) and produces a PDF file with useful plots to assess the technical quality of a run.