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  2. In vitro - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro

    In vitro studies permit a species-specific, simpler, more convenient, and more detailed analysis than can be done with the whole organism. Just as studies in whole animals more and more replace human trials, so are in vitro studies replacing studies in whole animals.

  3. Alternatives to animal testing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatives_to_animal_testing

    Organoids are derived from three kinds of human or animal stem cells—embryonic pluripotent stem cells (ESCs), adult somatic stem cells (ASCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These organoids are grown in vitro and mimic the structure and function of different organs such as the brain, liver, lung, kidney, and intestine. Organoids ...

  4. In vivo - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vivo

    This is a laboratory rat with a brain implant, that was used to record in vivo neuronal activity. Studies that are in vivo (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English [1] [2] [3]) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead ...

  5. Stem-cell line - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem-cell_line

    To create an embryonic stem cell line, the inner cell-mass is removed from the blastocyst, separated from the trophoectoderm, and cultured on a layer of supportive cells in vitro. In the derivation of human embryonic stem cell lines, embryos left over from in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures are used. The fact that the blastocyst is ...

  6. Human fertilization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_fertilization

    Human fertilization is the union of an egg and sperm, occurring primarily in the ampulla of the fallopian tube. [1] The result of this union leads to the production of a fertilized egg called a zygote, initiating embryonic development. Scientists discovered the dynamics of human fertilization in the 19th century. [2]

  7. In vitro fertilisation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation

    In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a process of fertilisation in which an egg is combined with sperm in vitro ("in glass"). The process involves monitoring and stimulating a woman's ovulatory process, then removing an ovum or ova (egg or eggs) from her ovaries and enabling a man's sperm to fertilise them in a culture medium in a laboratory.

  8. In vitro maturation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_maturation

    In vitro maturation (IVM) is the technique of letting the contents of ovarian follicles and the oocytes inside mature in vitro. It can be offered to women with infertility problems, combined with In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), offering women pregnancy without ovarian stimulation.

  9. History of in vitro fertilisation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_in_vitro...

    The first pregnancy achieved through in vitro human fertilisation of a human oocyte was reported in The Lancet from the Monash University team of Carl Wood, John Leeton and Alan Trounson [8] in 1973, although it lasted only a few days and would today be called a biochemical pregnancy.