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A Cartesian coordinate system in two dimensions (also called a rectangular coordinate system or an orthogonal coordinate system [8]) is defined by an ordered pair of perpendicular lines (axes), a single unit of length for both axes, and an orientation for each axis. The point where the axes meet is taken as the origin for both, thus turning ...
Coordinate charts are mathematical objects of topological manifolds, and they have multiple applications in theoretical and applied mathematics. When a differentiable structure and a metric are defined, greater structure exists, and this allows the definition of constructs such as integration and geodesics .
In mathematics, the graph of a function is the set of ordered pairs (,), where () =. In the common case where x {\displaystyle x} and f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} are real numbers , these pairs are Cartesian coordinates of points in a plane and often form a curve .
In graph theory, a planar graph is a graph that can be embedded in the plane, i.e., it can be drawn on the plane in such a way that its edges intersect only at their endpoints. In other words, it can be drawn in such a way that no edges cross each other. [9] Such a drawing is called a plane graph or planar embedding of the graph.
The four quadrants of a Cartesian coordinate system. The axes of a two-dimensional Cartesian system divide the plane into four infinite regions, called quadrants, each bounded by two half-axes. The axes themselves are, in general, not part of the respective quadrants.
Another common coordinate system for the plane is the polar coordinate system. [7] A point is chosen as the pole and a ray from this point is taken as the polar axis. For a given angle θ, there is a single line through the pole whose angle with the polar axis is θ (measured counterclockwise from the axis to the line).
In the modern terminology of differential geometry, polar coordinates provide coordinate charts for the differentiable manifold R 2 \ {(0,0)}, the plane minus the origin. In these coordinates, the Euclidean metric tensor is given by d s 2 = d r 2 + r 2 d θ 2 . {\displaystyle ds^{2}=dr^{2}+r^{2}d\theta ^{2}.}
Let (x, y, z) be the standard Cartesian coordinates, and (ρ, θ, φ) the spherical coordinates, with θ the angle measured away from the +Z axis (as , see conventions in spherical coordinates). As φ has a range of 360° the same considerations as in polar (2 dimensional) coordinates apply whenever an arctangent of it is taken. θ has a range ...