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Throughout the medieval era, mainstream Christian doctrine had denied the belief in the existence of witches and witchcraft, condemning it as a pagan superstition. [14] Some have argued that the work of the Dominican Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century helped lay the groundwork for a shift in Christian doctrine, by which certain Christian theologians eventually began to accept the possibility ...
[8] [15] Medieval Europe also saw the term maleficium applied to forms of magic that were conducted with the intention of causing harm. [9] The later Middle Ages saw words for these practitioners of harmful magical acts appear in various European languages: sorcière in French, Hexe in German, strega in Italian, and bruja in Spanish. [16]
Hanged during the Salem witch trials; her children had claimed she was a witch while undergoing torture. Martha Corey: 1620s–1692: Massachusetts Bay Colony: Hanged during the Salem witch trials: Mary Eastey: 1634–1692: Massachusetts Bay Colony: Hanged during the Salem witch trials: Mary Parker: d. 1692: Massachusetts Bay Colony: Hanged ...
The penalty for causing death by witchcraft was as a felony without benefit of clergy (that is, capital punishment), which was also the penalty for a second offence of causing injury or material loss by witchcraft; for a first such offence, the penalty was one year's imprisonment including six hours in the pillory once per quarter.
The later Middle Ages saw words for these practitioners of harmful magical acts appear in various European languages: sorcière in French, Hexe in German, strega in Italian, and bruja in Spanish. [49] The English term for malevolent practitioners of magic, witch, derived from the earlier Old English term wicce. [49]
A scold's bridle, sometimes called a witch's bridle, a gossip's bridle, a brank's bridle, or simply branks, [1] was an instrument of punishment, as a form of public humiliation. [2] It was an iron muzzle in an iron framework that enclosed the head (although some bridles were masks that depicted suffering).
A witch hunt, or a witch purge, is a search for people who have been labeled witches or a search for evidence of witchcraft. Practicing evil spells or incantations was proscribed and punishable in early human civilizations in the Middle East .
The Malleus Maleficarum, [a] usually translated as the Hammer of Witches, [3] [b] is the best known treatise about witchcraft. [6] [7] It was written by the German Catholic clergyman Heinrich Kramer (under his Latinized name Henricus Institor) and first published in the German city of Speyer in 1486.