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A Grand Unified Theory (GUT) is any model in particle physics that merges the electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces (the three gauge interactions of the Standard Model) into a single force at high energies. Although this unified force has not been directly observed, many GUT models theorize its existence.
A theory of everything (TOE), final theory, ultimate theory, unified field theory, or master theory is a singular, all-encompassing, coherent theoretical framework of physics that fully explains and links together all aspects of the universe. [1]: 6 Finding a theory of everything is one of the major unsolved problems in physics. [2] [3]
Grand Unified Theories make predictions for the relative strengths of the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces, and in 1991 LEP determined that supersymmetric theories have the correct ratio of couplings for a Georgi–Glashow Grand Unified Theory. Many Grand Unified Theories (but not Pati–Salam) predict that the proton can decay, and if ...
In addition to Standard Model particles, the theory includes twelve colored X bosons, responsible for proton decay. In particle physics, the Georgi–Glashow model [1] is a particular Grand Unified Theory (GUT) proposed by Howard Georgi and Sheldon Glashow in 1974.
In physics, the Pati–Salam model is a Grand Unified Theory (GUT) proposed in 1974 by Abdus Salam and Jogesh Pati.Like other GUTs, its goal is to explain the seeming arbitrariness and complexity of the Standard Model in terms of a simpler, more fundamental theory that unifies what are in the Standard Model disparate particles and forces.
In addition to Standard Model particles, the theory includes 30 colored X bosons, responsible for proton decay, and two W' bosons. The pattern of charges for particles in the SO(10) model, rotated to show the embedding in E6. In particle physics, SO(10) refers to a grand unified theory (GUT) based on the spin group Spin(10).
The grand unification energy, or the GUT scale, is the energy level above which, it is believed, the electromagnetic force, weak force, and strong force become equal in strength and unify to one force governed by a simple Lie group. The exact value of the grand unification energy (if grand unification is indeed realized in nature) depends on ...
It was described by Edward Frenkel as "grand unified theory of mathematics." [1] As an explanation to a non-specialist: the program provides constructs for a generalised and somewhat unified framework, to characterise the structures that underpin numbers and their abstractions; thus the invariants which base them... through analytical methods.