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Various methods are used to construct underwater tunnels, including an immersed tube and a submerged floating tunnel. The immersed tube method involves steel tube segments that are positioned in a trench in the sea floor and joined together. The trench is then covered and the water pumped from the tunnel. [2]
Submerged floating tunnels can be anchored to the seafloor (left) or suspended from a pontoon (right) A submerged floating tunnel (SFT), also known as submerged floating tube bridge (SFTB), suspended tunnel, or Archimedes bridge, is a proposed design for a tunnel that floats in water, supported by its buoyancy (specifically, by employing the hydrostatic thrust, or Archimedes' principle).
The Jiaozhou Bay Bridge spans water for only 16.1 mi (25.9 km). However, Guinness World Records, using the criteria of measurement that included aggregate structures, such as land bridges on the ends and an under-sea tunnel, stated that the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge is 26.5 mi (42.6 km) long. [4]
The Port of Miami Tunnel (also State Road 887) is a 4,200-foot (1,300 m) [3] bored, undersea tunnel in Miami, Florida.It consists of two parallel tunnels (one in each direction) that travel beneath Biscayne Bay, connecting the MacArthur Causeway on Watson Island with PortMiami on Dodge Island.
A causeway is a track, road or railway on the upper point of an embankment across "a low, or wet place, or piece of water". [1] It can be constructed of earth, masonry , wood, or concrete. One of the earliest known wooden causeways is the Sweet Track in the Somerset Levels , England, which dates from the Neolithic age. [ 2 ]
The Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line (東京湾 アクアライン, Tōkyō-wan Akua-rain [9]), also known as the Trans-Tokyo Bay Expressway, is an expressway that is mainly made up of a bridge–tunnel combination across Tokyo Bay in Japan.
An undersea water supply tunnel with a length of 5,551 m (18,212 ft), [35] named the Bosporus Water Tunnel, was constructed in 2012 to transfer water from the Melen Creek in Düzce Province (to the east of the Bosporus strait, in northwestern Anatolia) to the European side of Istanbul, a distance of 185 km (115 mi).
At its lowest point, it is 75 m (246 ft) below the sea bed and 115 m (377 ft) below sea level. [5] [6] [7] At 37.9 km (23.5 miles), it has the longest underwater section of any tunnel in the world and is the third-longest railway tunnel in the world. The speed limit for trains through the tunnel is 160 km/h (99 mph). [8]