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well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors, further subdivided into tumors with benign and those with uncertain behavior; well-differentiated (low grade) neuroendocrine carcinomas with low-grade malignant behavior; poorly differentiated (high grade) neuroendocrine carcinomas, which are the large cell neuroendocrine and small cell carcinomas.
This system uses a grading score ranging from 2 to 10. Lower Gleason scores describe well-differentiated less aggressive tumors. Other systems include the Bloom-Richardson grading system for breast cancer and the Fuhrman system for kidney cancer. Invasive-front grading is useful as well in oral squamous cell carcinoma. [4]
The tumor typically produces serotonin, Tachykinin peptides and other substances, which cause flushing, tachycardia, diarrhea and in some cases fibrosis of the heart valves. [citation needed] There are often several small and highly fibrotic tumors present in the intestine. The tumors often spread to the mesenteries and the liver. [citation needed]
A carcinoid (also carcinoid tumor) is a slow-growing [1] type of neuroendocrine tumor originating in the cells of the neuroendocrine system. In some cases, metastasis may occur. Carcinoid tumors of the midgut ( jejunum , ileum , appendix , and cecum ) are associated with carcinoid syndrome .
M8245/3 Adenocarcinoid tumor; M8246/3 Neuroendocrine carcinoma, NOS; M8247/3 Merkel cell carcinoma (C44._) Merkel cell tumor; Primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma; M8248/1 Apudoma; M8249/3 Atypical carcinoid tumor; M8250/1 Pulmonary adenomatosis (C34._) M8250/3 Bronchiolo-alveolar adenocarcinoma, NOS (C34._) Bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma, NOS
Elevated CEA levels should return to normal after successful surgical removal of the tumor and can be used in follow up, especially of colorectal cancers. [15] CEA elevation is known to be affected by multiple factors. It varies inversely with tumor grade; well-differentiated tumors secrete more CEA.