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Maternal deprivation is a scientific term summarising the early work of psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby on the effects of separating infants and young children from their mother (or primary caregiver). [1]
The maternal deprivation hypothesis published in 1951 spurred a shift away from the use of residential nurseries in favour of foster homes. [133] Bowlby's contemporary René Spitz observed separated children's grief, proposing that "psychotoxic" results were brought about by inappropriate experiences of early care.
Ainsworth separated the three dimensions of maternal deprivation into lack of maternal care, distortion of maternal care and discontinuity of maternal care. She analysed the dozens of studies undertaken in the field and concluded that the basic assertions of the maternal deprivation hypothesis were sound although the controversy continued. [68]
John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth developed the attachment theory in the 1960s while investigating the effects of maternal separation on infant development. [4] The development of the Strange Situation task in 1965 by Ainsworth and Wittig allowed researchers to systematically investigate the attachment system operating between children and their parents. [5]
Attachment-based therapy applies to interventions or approaches based on attachment theory, originated by John Bowlby.These range from individual therapeutic approaches to public health programs to interventions specifically designed for foster carers. [1]
The birth rate in America has long been on a decline, with the fertility rate reaching historic lows in 2023. More women between ages 25 to 44 aren’t having children, for a number of reasons.
This theory was both influential and controversial. Rutter made a significant contribution, his 1981 monograph and other papers (Rutter 1972; Rutter 1979) constituting the definitive empirical evaluation and update of Bowlby's early work on maternal deprivation.
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