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Deep diving is underwater diving to a depth beyond the norm accepted by the associated community. In some cases this is a prescribed limit established by an authority, while in others it is associated with a level of certification or training, and it may vary depending on whether the diving is recreational , technical or commercial .
Therefore, mean depth figures are not available for many deep lakes in remote locations. [9] The average lake on Earth has the mean depth 41.8 meters (137.14 feet) [9] The Caspian Sea ranks much further down the list on mean depth, as it has a large continental shelf (significantly larger than the oceanic basin that contains its greatest depths).
Earth cutaway from core to exosphere Geothermal drill machine in Wisconsin, USA. Temperature within Earth increases with depth. Highly viscous or partially molten rock at temperatures between 650 and 1,200 °C (1,200 and 2,200 °F) are found at the margins of tectonic plates, increasing the geothermal gradient in the vicinity, but only the outer core is postulated to exist in a molten or fluid ...
The sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep was possible by its Simrad EM120 sonar multibeam bathymetry system for deep water. The sonar system uses phase and amplitude bottom detection, with an accuracy of better than 0.2% of water depth across the entire swath (implying that the depth figure is accurate to ± 22 metres (72 ft; 12 fathoms)). [18 ...
All figures are in meters below mean sea level (as locally defined), arranged by depth, lowest first: ... Deep Lake, Vestfold Hills: −50 m (−164 ft) Asia. Name
During the winter, the water transparency in open sections can be as much as 30–40 m (100–130 ft), but during the summer it is typically 5–8 m (15–25 ft). [27] Baikal is rich in oxygen, even in deep sections, [27] which separates it from distinctly stratified bodies of water such as Lake Tanganyika and the Black Sea. [28] [29]
A deep-sea lead, the heaviest of sounding leads, was used in water exceeding 100 fathoms in depth. [ 21 ] This technique has been superseded by sonic depth finders for measuring mechanically the depth of water beneath a ship, one version of which is the Fathometer (trademark). [ 22 ]
The outside water pressure increases with depth and so the stresses on the hull also increase with depth. Each 10 metres (33 ft) of depth puts another atmosphere (1 bar, 14.7 psi, 101 kPa) of pressure on the hull, so at 300 metres (1,000 ft), the hull is withstanding thirty standard atmospheres (30 bar; 440 psi; 3,000 kPa) of water pressure.