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Shrewdness of the Ayatollah Khomeini in winning the support of these liberals and leftists when he needed them to overthrow the Shah by underplaying his hand and avoiding issues (such as rule by clerics or "guardianship of the jurists") he planned to implement but knew would be a deal breaker for his more secular and modernist Muslim allies. [100]
Students studying to be imams at Qom were most active in the protests, and Ayatollah Khomeini emerged as one of the leaders, giving sermons calling for the Shah's overthrow. [131] At least 200 people were killed, with the police throwing some students to their deaths from high buildings, and Khomeini was exiled to Iraq in 4 October 1965. [132]
Pro-Shah demonstration organized by the Resurgence Party in Tabriz, April 1978. The Shah was taken completely by surprise by the protests and, [9] [20] to make matters worse, he often became indecisive during times of crisis; [6] virtually every major decision he would make backfired on his government and further inflamed the revolutionaries. [6]
All the Shah's Men at Archive.org; Review Essay of Stephen Kinzer's All the Shah's Men, By: Masoud Kazemzadeh, Ph.D., MIDDLE EAST POLICY, VOL. XI, NO. 4, WINTER 2004; How to Overthrow a Government—interview with Stephen Kinzer, author of All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi hands out documents of ownership of land to new owners during the White Revolution's land reform, 1963. The White Revolution (Persian: انقلاب سفید, romanized: Enqelâb-e Sefid) or the Shah and People Revolution (Persian: انقلاب شاه و مردم, romanized: Enqelâb-e Šâh o Mardom) [1] was a far-reaching series of reforms resulting in aggressive ...
Reza Shah Pahlavi [3] [a] (15 March 1878 – 26 July 1944) was an Iranian military officer and the founder of the Pahlavi dynasty.As a politician, he previously served as minister of war and prime minister of Qajar Iran and subsequently reigned as Shah of Pahlavi Iran from 1925 until he was forced to abdicate after the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran in 1941.
By January 17, 1893, the overthrow of the monarchy was complete. 1894 — Hawaii becomes a republic The Republic of Hawaii is established, with Sanford Dole as its president .
1921 Persian coup d'état, known in Iran as 3 Esfand 1299 coup d'état (Persian: کودتای ۳ اسفند ۱۲۹۹ with the Solar Persian date), refers to several major events in Qajar Persia in 1921, which eventually led to the deposition of the Qajar dynasty and the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty as the ruling house of Iran in 1925.