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Shrewdness of the Ayatollah Khomeini in winning the support of these liberals and leftists when he needed them to overthrow the Shah by underplaying his hand and avoiding issues (such as rule by clerics or "guardianship of the jurists") he planned to implement but knew would be a deal breaker for his more secular and modernist Muslim allies. [100]
The 1953 Iranian coup d'état, known in Iran as the 28 Mordad coup d'état (Persian: کودتای ۲۸ مرداد), was the U.S.- and British-instigated, Iranian army-led overthrow of the Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh in favor of strengthening the autocratic rule of the shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, on 19 August 1953, with the objectives being to protect British oil interests in Iran after ...
Students studying to be imams at Qom were most active in the protests, and Ayatollah Khomeini emerged as one of the leaders, giving sermons calling for the Shah's overthrow. [131] At least 200 people were killed, with the police throwing some students to their deaths from high buildings, and Khomeini was exiled to Iraq in 4 October 1965. [132]
All the Shah's Men at Archive.org; Review Essay of Stephen Kinzer's All the Shah's Men, By: Masoud Kazemzadeh, Ph.D., MIDDLE EAST POLICY, VOL. XI, NO. 4, WINTER 2004; How to Overthrow a Government—interview with Stephen Kinzer, author of All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror
Pro-Shah demonstration organized by the Resurgence Party in Tabriz, April 1978. The Shah was taken completely by surprise by the protests and, [9] [20] to make matters worse, he often became indecisive during times of crisis; [6] virtually every major decision he would make backfired on his government and further inflamed the revolutionaries. [6]
By January 17, 1893, the overthrow of the monarchy was complete. 1894 — Hawaii becomes a republic The Republic of Hawaii is established, with Sanford Dole as its president .
Historians evaluations of Shah's human rights record have been kinder than contemporary accounts. An estimated 380, [50] not 15,000 demonstrators were killed during the June 1963 demonstrations in Iran, some of them armed. [51]
The first death sentences were for four of the shah's generals and were approved by the Tehran court in February 1979. [33] They were Mehdi Rahimi, the military commander of Tehran, Reza Naji, the military governor of Isfahan, Nematollah Nassiri, the head of SAVAK, and Manuchehr Khosrodad, an air force general. All four generals were executed ...