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Coin of Pescennius Niger, a Roman usurper who claimed imperial power AD 193–194. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG. While the imperial government of the Roman Empire was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars. [30]
The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans (Latin: Imperator Romanorum; German: Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period [1] (Latin: Imperator Germanorum; German: Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser), was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire.
Latin Emperor: Holy Roman Empire: 800–1806 Imperator: Holy Roman Emperor: Avar Khaganate: 567–822 Khagan ("Great Khan") Bulgarian Empire 913–1018 1185–1396 Tsar: List of Bulgarian monarchs: Serbian Empire: 1346–1373 Tsar: List of Serbian monarchs: Russian Tsardom: 1547–1721 Tsar: List of Russian monarchs: Russian Empire: 1721–1917 ...
The Holy Roman Empire, [f] also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. [16] It developed in the Early Middle Ages , and lasted for a millennium until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars .
Historical evolution of the Holy Roman Empire overlaid on modern borders. This list of states in the Holy Roman Empire includes any territory ruled by an authority that had been granted imperial immediacy, as well as many other feudal entities such as lordships, sous-fiefs, and allodial fiefs.
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The following is a list of imperial elections in the Holy Roman Empire. Entries in italics are for elections where the claim of the man elected to be King of the Romans was disputed. Election
Holy Roman Empire in Germany. Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Germany (complete list, complete list) – Albert I, King (1298–1308) Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor (1312–1313), King (1308–1313) Frederick the Fair, King (1314–1330) Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1328–1347), King (1314–1347) Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1355–1378 ...