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Inbreeding depression in Delphinium nelsonii. A. Overall fitness of progeny cohorts and the B. progeny lifespan were all lower when progeny were the result of crosses with pollen taken close to a receptor plant. [1] Inbreeding depression is the reduced biological fitness that has the potential to result from inbreeding, the breeding of related ...
Heterosis is often discussed as the opposite of inbreeding depression, although differences in these two concepts can be seen in evolutionary considerations such as the role of genetic variation or the effects of genetic drift in small populations on these concepts.
In biology, outbreeding depression happens when crosses between two genetically distant groups or populations result in a reduction of fitness. [1] The concept is in contrast to inbreeding depression , although the two effects can occur simultaneously on different traits. [ 2 ]
In plant breeding, inbred lines are used as stocks for the creation of hybrid lines to make use of the effects of heterosis. Inbreeding in plants also occurs naturally in the form of self-pollination. Inbreeding can significantly influence gene expression which can prevent inbreeding depression. [13]
Both inbreeding and crossing the ancestral lines of the hybrid are costly, because of the time and number of generations involved, which translates into a much higher price. [ citation needed ] Not all crop species exhibit a sufficiently high heterosis effect to offset this disadvantage.
Almost no inbreeding depression occurs in self-fertilizing plants because the mode of reproduction allows natural selection to take place in wild populations of such plants. Critical steps in the improvement of self-fertilizing crops are the choice of parents and the identification of the best plants in segregating generations.
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A review of the genetics of inbreeding depression in wild animal and plant populations, as well as in humans, led to the conclusion that inbreeding depression and its opposite, heterosis (hybrid vigor), are predominantly caused by the presence of recessive deleterious alleles in populations. [7]