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Oxprenolol is a lipophilic beta blocker which passes the blood–brain barrier more easily than water-soluble beta blockers. As such, it is associated with a higher incidence of CNS -related side effects than beta blockers with more hydrophilic molecules such as atenolol , sotalol and nadolol .
Beta blockers vary in their lipophilicity (fat solubility) and in turn in their ability to cross the blood–brain barrier and exert effects in the central nervous system. [76] Beta blockers with greater blood–brain barrier permeability can have both neuropsychiatric therapeutic benefits and side effects, as well as adverse cognitive effects ...
Fenoterol is a β adrenoreceptor agonist.It is classed as sympathomimetic β 2 agonist and an inhaled bronchodilator asthma medication.. Fenoterol is produced and sold by Boehringer Ingelheim as Berotec N and in combination with ipratropium as Berodual N.
Formoterol, also known as eformoterol, is a long-acting β 2 agonist (LABA) used as a bronchodilator in the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Formoterol has an extended duration of action (up to 12 h) compared to short-acting β 2 agonists such as salbutamol (albuterol), which are effective for 4 h to 6 h.
Nadolol is a non-selective beta blocker; that is, it non-selectively blocks both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It has a preference for beta-1 receptors, which are predominantly located in the heart , thereby inhibiting the effects of catecholamines and causing a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure .
The combination of beta blockers and antihypertensive drugs will work on different mechanism to lower blood pressure. [17] For example, the co-administration of beta-1 blocker atenolol and ACE inhibitor lisinopril could produce a 50% larger reduction in blood pressure than using either drug alone. [18]