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UTF-8-encoded, preceded by varint-encoded integer length of string in bytes Repeated value with the same tag or, for varint-encoded integers only, values packed contiguously and prefixed by tag and total byte length — Smile \x21
A UTF-8 file that contains only ASCII characters is identical to an ASCII file. Legacy programs can generally handle UTF-8 encoded files, even if they contain non-ASCII characters. For instance, the C printf function can print a UTF-8 string because it only looks for the ASCII '%' character to define a formatting string. All other bytes are ...
Only a small subset of possible byte strings are error-free UTF-8: several bytes cannot appear; a byte with the high bit set cannot be alone; and in a truly random string a byte with a high bit set has only a 1 ⁄ 15 chance of starting a valid UTF-8 character. This has the (possibly unintended) consequence of making it easy to detect if a ...
In UTF-16, a BOM (U+FEFF) may be placed as the first bytes of a file or character stream to indicate the endianness (byte order) of all the 16-bit code units of the file or stream. If an attempt is made to read this stream with the wrong endianness, the bytes will be swapped, thus delivering the character U+FFFE , which is defined by Unicode as ...
Some compilers or editors will require entering all non-ASCII characters as \xNN sequences for each byte of UTF-8, and/or \uNNNN for each word of UTF-16. Since C11 (and C++11), a new literal prefix u8 is available that guarantees UTF-8 for a bytestring literal, as in char foo [512] = u8 "φωωβαρ";. [7] Since C++20 and C23, a char8_t type ...
After Taligent became part of IBM in early 1996, Sun Microsystems decided that the new Java language should have better support for internationalization. Since Taligent had experience with such technologies and were close geographically, their Text and International group were asked to contribute the international classes to the Java Development Kit as part of the JDK 1.1 internationalization ...
The best-known is the string "From " (including trailing space) at the beginning of a line, used to separate mail messages in the mbox file format. By using a binary-to-text encoding on messages that are already plain text, then decoding on the other end, one can make such systems appear to be completely transparent. This is sometimes referred ...
Types 2 and 3 have a count field which encodes the length in bytes of the payload. Type 2 is an unstructured byte string. Type 3 is a UTF-8 text string. A short count of 31 indicates an indefinite-length string. This is followed by zero or more definite-length strings of the same type, terminated by a "break" marker byte.