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In printing, three pica measures are used: The French pica of 12 Didot points (also called cicero) generally is: 12 × 0.376 = 4.512 mm (0.1776 in). The American pica of 0.16604 inches (4.217 mm). It was established by the United States Type Founders' Association in 1886. [1] [2] In TeX one pica is 400 ⁄ 2,409 of an inch.
The traditional typographic units are based either on non-metric units, or on odd multiples (such as 35 ⁄ 83) of a metric unit.There are no specifically metric units for this particular purpose, although there is a DIN standard sometimes used in German publishing, which measures type sizes in multiples of 0.25 mm, and proponents of the metrication of typography generally recommend the use of ...
A digital font's design space in digital type is called the em, which is a grid with arbitrary resolution. Scaling the em to a particular point size is how imaging systems—whether for screen or print—work. In digital type, the relationship of the height of particular letters to the em is arbitrarily set by the typeface designer.
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The Fournier scale: two inches in total, divided into four half-inches, the medium intervals are one line (1 ⁄ 12 inch), and the smallest intervals are 1 ⁄ 36 inch; no intervals for the point is given, though. Fournier printed a reference scale of 144 points over two inches; however, it was too rough to accurately measure a single point. [11]
In printing, DPI (dots per inch) refers to the output resolution of a printer or imagesetter, and PPI (pixels per inch) refers to the input resolution of a photograph or image. DPI refers to the physical dot density of an image when it is reproduced as a real physical entity, for example printed onto paper. [ 4 ]
Examples include a 3-dimensional scale model of a building or the scale drawings of the elevations or plans of a building. [1] In such cases the scale is dimensionless and exact throughout the model or drawing. The scale can be expressed in four ways: in words (a lexical scale), as a ratio, as a fraction and as a graphical (bar) scale.
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