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Due to typical file system design, the amount of space allocated for a file is usually larger than the size of the file's data – resulting in a relatively small amount of unusable storage space for each file, called slack space or internal fragmentation.
For example, uncompressed songs in CD format have a data rate of 16 bits/channel x 2 channels x 44.1 kHz ≅ 1.4 Mbit/s, whereas AAC files on an iPod are typically compressed to 128 kbit/s, yielding a compression ratio of 10.9, for a data-rate saving of 0.91, or 91%.
Most lossless compression programs do two things in sequence: the first step generates a statistical model for the input data, and the second step uses this model to map input data to bit sequences in such a way that "probable" (i.e. frequently encountered) data will produce shorter output than "improbable" data.
0.6–1.3 bits – approximate information per letter of English text. [3] 2 0: bit: 10 0: bit 1 bit – 0 or 1, false or true, Low or High (a.k.a. unibit) 1.442695 bits (log 2 e) – approximate size of a nat (a unit of information based on natural logarithms) 1.5849625 bits (log 2 3) – approximate size of a trit (a base-3 digit) 2 1
1 GB/s: 2011 Direct Media Interface (DMI) (×4 link) 10 Gbit/s: 1 GB/s: 2004 Enterprise Southbridge Interface (ESI) 8 Gbit/s: 1 GB/s: PCI Express 1.0 (×4 link) [l] 10 Gbit/s: 1 GB/s: 2004 AGP 4×: 8.533 Gbit/s: 1.067 GB/s: 1998 PCI-X 133: 8.533 Gbit/s: 1.067 GB/s: PCI-X QDR 16-bit: 8.533 Gbit/s: 1.067 GB/s: InfiniBand single 4× [23] 8 Gbit/s ...
In telecommunications and computing, bit rate (bitrate or as a variable R) is the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time. [1]The bit rate is expressed in the unit bit per second (symbol: bit/s), often in conjunction with an SI prefix such as kilo (1 kbit/s = 1,000 bit/s), mega (1 Mbit/s = 1,000 kbit/s), giga (1 Gbit/s = 1,000 Mbit/s) or tera (1 Tbit/s = 1,000 Gbit/s). [2]