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Ghrelin cells are found mainly in the stomach [24] and duodenum, but also in the jejunum, lungs, pancreatic islets, [25] gonads, adrenal cortex, placenta, and kidney. It has also been shown that ghrelin is produced locally in the brain. [26] Additionally, research suggests that ghrelin may be produced in the myocardium and have an 'autocrine ...
Ghrelin released from ε-cells have been found to promote cell growth and proliferation while also inhibiting apoptosis of pancreatic beta cells in the human pancreas. [5] Some ε-cells express cytokeratin 20 , a marker of duct cells and islet precursor cells, hinting that these islet cells originate from the ductal epithelium.
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone released from the stomach and liver and is often referred to as the "hunger hormone" since high levels of it are found in individuals that are fasting. Ghrelin agonistic treatments can be used to treat illnesses such as anorexia and loss of appetites in cancer patients.
The juxtaglomerular apparatus (also known as the juxtaglomerular complex) is a structure in the kidney that regulates the function of each nephron, the functional units of the kidney. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is named because it is next to (juxta-[1]) the glomerulus. The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of three types of cells:
P/D1 cells are cells lining the fundus of the human stomach that produce ghrelin. Removal of these cells in gastric bypass surgery has a profound impact on later appetite regulation. [1] These cells have also been shown to produce ghrelin's antagonistic hormone leptin. [2] PD/1 cells are equivalent to A-like cells in rats and X-type cells in dogs.
The glomerular basement membrane of the kidney is the basal lamina layer of the glomerulus.The glomerular endothelial cells, the glomerular basement membrane, and the filtration slits between the podocytes perform the filtration function of the glomerulus, separating the blood in the capillaries from the filtrate that forms in Bowman's capsule. [1]
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