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A problem set, sometimes shortened as pset, [1] is a teaching tool used by many universities. Most courses in physics, math, engineering, chemistry, and computer science will give problem sets on a regular basis. [2] They can also appear in other subjects, such as economics.
Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.
The study of polyomino tilings largely concerns two classes of problems: to tile a rectangle with congruent tiles, and to pack one of each n-omino into a rectangle. A classic puzzle of the second kind is to arrange all twelve pentominoes into rectangles sized 3×20, 4×15, 5×12 or 6×10.
Problems 1, 2, 5, 6, [a] 9, 11, 12, 15, and 22 have solutions that have partial acceptance, but there exists some controversy as to whether they resolve the problems. That leaves 8 (the Riemann hypothesis), 13 and 16 [b] unresolved. Problems 4 and 23 are considered as too vague to ever be described as solved; the withdrawn 24 would also be in ...
In this case the problem reduces to n − 2 people and n − 2 hats, because P 1 received h i ' s hat and P i received h 1 's hat, effectively putting both out of further consideration. For each of the n − 1 hats that P 1 may receive, the number of ways that P 2 , ..., P n may all receive hats is the sum of the counts for the two cases.
In mathematics, the term "graded" has a number of meanings, mostly related: . In abstract algebra, it refers to a family of concepts: . An algebraic structure is said to be -graded for an index set if it has a gradation or grading, i.e. a decomposition into a direct sum = of structures; the elements of are said to be "homogeneous of degree i ".
for all g and h in G and all x in X.. The group G is then said to act on X (from the left). A set X together with an action of G is called a (left) G-set.. It can be notationally convenient to curry the action α, so that, instead, one has a collection of transformations α g : X → X, with one transformation α g for each group element g ∈ G.
In mathematics, Hilbert's second problem was posed by David Hilbert in 1900 as one of his 23 problems. It asks for a proof that arithmetic is consistent – free of any internal contradictions. Hilbert stated that the axioms he considered for arithmetic were the ones given in Hilbert (1900) , which include a second order completeness axiom.