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IPv6 multicast: [41] The low 32 bits an Ethernet address for IPv6 multicast traffic are the low 32 bits of the multicast IPv6 address used. [ 40 ] : §2.3.1 For example, IPv6 multicast traffic using the address ff02::d uses the MAC address 33-33-00-00-00-0D , and traffic to ff05::1:3 goes to the MAC address 33-33-00-01-00-03 .
The use of TXOPs reduces the problem of low rate stations gaining an inordinate amount of channel time in the legacy 802.11 DCF MAC. A TXOP time interval of 0 means it is limited to a single MAC service data unit (MSDU) or MAC management protocol data unit (MMPDU). The levels of priority in EDCA are called access categories (ACs).
This time period is called a beacon period (BP). At the beginning of each BP, there is a beacon generation window consisting of w + 1 {\displaystyle w+1} slots each of length aSlotTime . Each station calculates a random delay uniformly distributed in [ 0 , w ] {\displaystyle [0,w]} and is scheduled to transmit a beacon when the delay timer expires.
The two-bit protocol version subfield is set to 0 for WLAN (PV0) and 1 for IEEE 802.11ah (PV1). The revision level is incremented only when there is a fundamental incompatibility between two versions of the standard. [1] [2] PV1 description is incorporated in the latest 802.11-2020 standard.
Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance for Wireless (MACAW) [1] is a slotted medium access control (MAC) protocol widely used in ad hoc networks. [2] Furthermore, it is the foundation of many other MAC protocols used in wireless sensor networks (WSN). [2] The IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS mechanism is adopted from this protocol.
IEEE 802.11s is a wireless local area network (WLAN) standard and an IEEE 802.11 amendment for mesh networking, defining how wireless devices can interconnect to create a wireless LAN mesh network, which may be used for relatively fixed (not mobile) topologies and wireless ad hoc networks.
Unlike CSMA/CD, it is very challenging for a wireless node to listen at the same time as it transmits (its transmission will dwarf any attempt to listen). Continuing the wireless example, the node awaits receipt of an acknowledgement packet from the Access Point to indicate the packet was received and checksummed correctly.
This requires a media access control (MAC) protocol, i.e. a principle for the nodes to take turns on the channel and to avoid collisions. Common examples are CSMA/CD , used in Ethernet bus networks and hub networks, and CSMA/CA , used in wireless networks such as IEEE 802.11 .