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  2. Inclusion and exclusion criteria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_and_exclusion...

    Exclusion criteria concern properties of the study sample, defining reasons for which patients from the target population are to be excluded from the current study sample. Typical exclusion criteria are defined for either ethical reasons (e.g., children, pregnant women, patients with psychological illnesses, patients who are not able or willing ...

  3. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferred_reporting_items...

    The PRISMA flow diagram, depicting the flow of information through the different phases of a systematic review. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) is an evidence-based minimum set of items aimed at helping scientific authors to report a wide array of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, primarily used to assess the benefits and harms of a health care ...

  4. Selection bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_bias

    Selection bias is the bias introduced by the selection of individuals, groups, or data for analysis in such a way that proper randomization is not achieved, thereby failing to ensure that the sample obtained is representative of the population intended to be analyzed. [1]

  5. Sample size determination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_size_determination

    Qualitative research approaches sample size determination with a distinctive methodology that diverges from quantitative methods. Rather than relying on predetermined formulas or statistical calculations, it involves a subjective and iterative judgment throughout the research process.

  6. Consecutive sampling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecutive_sampling

    In the design of experiments, consecutive sampling, also known as total enumerative sampling, [1] is a sampling technique in which every subject meeting the criteria of inclusion is selected until the required sample size is achieved. [2]

  7. Pragmatic clinical trial - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatic_clinical_trial

    A pragmatic clinical trial (PCT), sometimes called a practical clinical trial (PCT), [1] is a clinical trial that focuses on correlation between treatments and outcomes in real-world health system practice rather than focusing on proving causative explanations for outcomes, which requires extensive deconfounding with inclusion and exclusion criteria so strict that they risk rendering the trial ...

  8. Sampling (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)

    A visual representation of the sampling process. In statistics, quality assurance, and survey methodology, sampling is the selection of a subset or a statistical sample (termed sample for short) of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population. The subset is meant to reflect the whole ...

  9. Instrumental variables estimation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_variables...

    This works because IV solves for the unique parameter that satisfies =, and therefore hones in on the true underlying parameter as the sample size grows. Now an extension: suppose that there are more instruments than there are covariates in the equation of interest, so that Z is a T × M matrix with M > K .