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The initiation of endochondral ossification starts by proliferation and condensation of mesenchymal cells in the area where the bone will eventually be formed. Subsequently, these mesenchymal progenitor cells differentiate into chondroblasts, which actively synthesize cartilage matrix components.
Diagram showing stages of endochondral ossification. Endochondral ossification is the formation of long bones and other bones. This requires a hyaline cartilage precursor. There are two centers of ossification for endochondral ossification. The primary center. In long bones, bone tissue first appears in the diaphysis (middle of shaft).
Primary endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a chondrocyte template. Afterwards, chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy beginning from the mid- diaphysis , eventually extending to the epiphyseal poles, vasculature invades the forming bone transporting mesenchymal stromal cells and hypertrophic cells undergo apoptosis.
Conditional inactivation of TGF-βr2 of osteochondroprogenitor cells in the cranial neural crest resulted in faster osteoprogenitor differentiation and disorganised chondrogenesis. [6] TGF-β determines and regulates cell lineages during endochondral ossification through Sox9 and Runx2 signalling pathways.
Endochondral ossification Light micrograph of a section through a juvenile knee joint (rat) showing the cartilagineous growth plates. The formation of bone is called ossification. During the fetal stage of development this occurs by two processes: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. [42]
A spotted gar larva at 22 days stained for cartilage (blue) and bone (red). Chondrogenesis is the biological process through which cartilage tissue is formed and developed. . This intricate and tightly regulated cellular differentiation pathway plays a crucial role in skeletal development, as cartilage serves as a fundamental component of the embryonic skele
The longitudinal growth of long bones is a result of endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plate. Bone growth in length is stimulated by the production of growth hormone (GH), a secretion of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland .
Chondroblasts, or perichondrial cells, is the name given to mesenchymal progenitor cells in situ which, from endochondral ossification, will form chondrocytes in the growing cartilage matrix. Another name for them is subchondral cortico-spongious progenitors. [1] They have euchromatic nuclei and stain by basic dyes.